Breast milk is the ideal nutritional start for babies. In fact, experts recommend breastfeeding exclusively for the first six months of baby’s life and continuing up until two year and beyond. 1-3 Whether you choose to breastfeed, formula feed, or combine them, knowing when your baby is hungry or full can help you meet their needs – from day one! Recognizing Hunger and Fullness Cues4 0-6 months Your baby’s stomach is tiny, so they’ll need small, frequent feedings to keep them full and with a happy belly. You can count on 8-12 feedings per day to help them grow strong and healthy. When your newborn is hungry, look for these clues: Opening mouth wide when nipple brushes lips or when cheek is stroked  Rooting for nipple Bringing fingers or hands to mouth Crying as a late sign of being very hungry When your newborn is full, you may notice:  Releasing of the nipple Slowing down or stopping sucking Falling asleep (keep an eye out for a little smile!) To learn more about feeding and the tips, techniques and positions to enhance your bond with baby, check out our Guide to Feeding Your Newborn. 6-12 months As baby grows from a newborn to an infant, feeding frequency will slow. Whew! Try working towards 3-5 breast milk and/or baby formula feedings, while offering 2-3 nutritious complementary foods and 1-3 snacks per day. Hunger cues will have also evolved since their newborn stage. Look out for your baby: Showing excitement or reaching out when food is presented Opening mouth wide and leaning toward spoon, nipple or bottle Fussing as a late sign of being very hungry Once full, your infant may show you by:  Getting easily distracted and looking elsewhere. Spoon or nipple is batted away Leaning back, clenching mouth, turning head or pushing away from nipple or food 12+ months Welcome to the toddler stage! By now, a variety of appropriate solid foods may be offered regularly alongside breast milk or formula as part of a balanced diet. Keep an eye out for these hunger cues:  Expressing desire for food with words, gestures or sounds Leading you to the fridge or cupboard, pointing to the desired food When full, your toddler may start: Shaking their head Using phrases like "all done," "no more" or "get down" Becoming easily distracted or playful with food   References : 1. Government of Canada, 2023.Nutrition for healthy term infants: recommendations from birth to six months. Accessed 2024 September. URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canada-food-guide/resources/nutrition-healthy-term-infants/nutrition-healthy-term-infants-recommendations-birth-six-months.html 2. Canadian Paediatric Society, 2020. Breastfeeding. Accessed 2024 September. https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/pregnancy-and-babies/breastfeeding 3. World Health Organization, 2023. Infant and Young Child Feeding. Accessed 2024 September. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding 4. Canadian Paediatric Society, 2020. Feeding your baby in the first year. Accessed 2024 September. https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/healthy-living/feeding_your_baby_in_the_first_year

The decision to introduce or supplement with formula doesn’t mean it’s the end of your breastfeeding journey. Many parents successfully use a combination of breastfeeding and formula feeding to support their baby’s healthy growth and development. If you’re wondering about supplementing with formula, a conversation with your doctor can help you decide what’s best for your baby’s needs. They can provide guidance based on your baby’s health, feeding habits, and growth patterns. Tips for Introducing Formula Before making changes to your baby’s feeding routine, please speak with your doctor to ensure it is the best decision for your family. If you are looking to make the transition to supplementing easier, follow these tips: If you can, wait to supplement until breastfeeding is established. Try bottled breast milk to help them adjust to a bottle. Maintain the breastfeeding parent’s breast milk supply by pumping after each bottle feeding. Pick a time when your baby is calm and happy to introduce the bottle, take a gradual approach. Position your baby properly and in a semi-upright position, skin-to-skin when possible. Consider combo-feeding – alternating between breast milk and formula feedings. Formula should always be prepared separately from breast milk. For step-by-step instructions on introducing your baby to formula, read our guide. Choosing the Right Formula for Your Baby If you decide to begin supplementing with baby formula, look for a formula with: Partially broken-down proteins: These are proteins broken down into smaller pieces, making them easy to digest. Probiotics: Probiotics are part of what gives breast milk its natural protective qualities and helps support the development of a healthy tummy.2 2’-FL: 2’-FL is one of the most abundant types of human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) present in breast milk, and has been shown to support baby’s digestive health and developing immune system.3,4 DHA: DHA is an Omega-3 fatty acid naturally found in breast milk that supports baby’s brain and eye development. Good Start® Plus 1 formula, our closest formula to breast milk, contains the unique combination of our exclusive Comfort Proteins®, which are 100% whey proteins partially broken down for small tummies, Probiotic B. lactis, 2’-FLǁ, and expert recommended levels of DHA5. References : ǁ Not derived from human milk.  1. Cleveland Clinic, 2024. Feeding Your Baby: How and When to Supplement With Formula. Accessed 2024 September. https://health.clevelandclinic.org/breast-milk-formula 2. Holscher H, et al. JPEN. 2013;36(1):106S-116S. 3. Bode L, et al. Glycobiology. 2012;22(2):1147-1162. 4. Goehring K, et al. PLoS One. 2016;146(12):2559-2566. 5. ADA/DC. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107:1599-1611.

The Link Between Gut Health and Immunity As a parent, you know that keeping your baby healthy is a top priority. What you may not realize is how closely gut health and immunity are connected. In fact, a large portion (70-80%) of our body’s immune cells reside in the gut.1 A healthy gut helps support your baby’s digestion and supports their developing immune system. Supporting Your Baby's Developing Gut & Immune System  Nutrition plays a key role in developing our immune system. That’s because our digestive tract and our immune system work together very closely. From birth, your baby’s gut microbiome—the community of beneficial bacteria in their digestive system—begins to form. This development is important for both the digestive tract and immune system.  Your baby’s immune system continues to develop after birth. This happens when they come into contact with all kinds of microorganisms (bacteria), from mom’s birth canal, mom’s skin, and breast milk.2-4 What are Probiotics? Probiotics are live, safe microorganisms, which, when taken in adequate amounts, can provide certain health benefits, particularly in influencing the digestive and immune systems.5 Each probiotic strain has its own unique benefits. For instance, Bifidobacterium lactis has been clinically shown to help support a healthy gut microflora and the development of a healthy immune system8,9, while Limosilactobacillus reuteri (also known as L. reuteri) has been clinically shown to help reduce crying time in colicky breastfed infants.10 Why Probiotics Matter Proper nutrition that includes probiotics – whether from breast milk or another source – can help support your baby’s gut and immune system development. For parents who cannot, or choose not to breastfeed, there are infant formulas that contain added probiotics. The probiotics added to certain Good Start® formulas are specifically chosen for their ability to help support your baby’s gut health. These probiotics help maintain a balance of good bacteria in the gut. Good Start® Plus Stage 1 powder formula is our closest formula to breast milk and has the combination of our exclusive Comfort Proteins®, Probiotic B. lactis, 2’-FL, and expert recommended levels of DHA.11 Designed for babies with tummy troubles, Good Start Soothe™ formula is the only infant formula with Probiotic L. reuteri and has been shown to help reduce fussiness with the first bottle.**,12 If you have any questions about probiotics or feeding your baby, speak with your doctor.   References:   * All breastfed, full-term infants in Canada should receive a daily vitamin D supplement of 10 μg (400 IU).** Study results among parents of fussy infants.1. Wiertsema SP, et al. 2021. Nutrients. 9;13(3):886.2. Gueimonde M, et al. Neonatology. 2007;92:64–66. 3. Cabrera-Rubio R, et al. AJCN. 2012;96:544–551. 4. Khodayar-Pardo P, et al. Journal of Perinatology. 2014;27 Mar: 1–7.5. Joint FAO/WHO Expert consultation on evaluation of health and nutritional properties of probiotics in food including powder milk with live lactic acid bacteria, October, 2001. 6. Saavedra JM. Nutr Clin Pract. 2007;22:351–65. 7. Yoshioka H, et al. Pediatrics. 1983;72:317–21.8. Langhendries JP, et al. JPGN. 1995;21:177-181. 9. Holscher HD, et al. JPEN. 2013;36(1):106S-117S.10. Chau K, et al. J Pediar. 2015; 166(1):74-78.11. ADA/DC. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007;107:1599-1611.12. Czerkies L, et al. J Pediatr Health and Nutr. 2019;1(1):19-26.  

A holistic guide to feeding: breast, bottle and combination Learn as much as you can about feeding before your baby arrives. Familiarizing yourself with tips, techniques and positions will enhance your bond with your little one while ensuring that your baby receives essential nutrients for a good start. The benefits of breastfeeding Embrace the power of Mother Nature: breast milk - the ideal nourishment, created by your body for your precious baby. Not only does it keep newborns healthy and strong, but it's also great for infants’ emotional well-being.Breastfeeding offers many benefits for both you and your baby. Health Canada and the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life with continued breastfeeding up to two years of age and on, or for as long as you can.1-3 Here are some key benefits of breast milk to consider: Optimal nutrition: Breast milk contains the ideal combination of nutrients*, antibodies, and enzymes tailored to meet your baby's unique needs, supporting their growth and development.2 Immune protection: Breast milk contains naturally protective compounds, like antibodies, probiotics, and human milk oligosaccharides, that all help protect your baby against infections and illnesses while supporting their developing immune system. Bonding and emotional connection: The close physical contact during breastfeeding promotes a strong emotional bond between you and your baby, creating a sense of security and comfort. Ready? Set? Breastfeed! When do you start to breastfeed? Right away! Experts advise that mothers start breastfeeding within an hour of giving birth. This promotes immediate bonding and provides essential health benefits for both mother and baby. Feeding frequency: what’s the schedule? Keep it simple: Feed your baby whenever they seem hungry. Plan to feed every 2-3 hours, even during those nighttime awakenings—around 8-12 times within a 24-hour period. Having your newborn nearby while you sleep ensures that you can feed whenever your little one wakes or gets hungry. And don't forget, the more your baby nurses, the more milk your body will make.4 Feeding Positions     Finding the right position for breastfeeding is key. Experiment with the options listed below and pick the one (or more) that feels comfy for both you and your little one. Cradle hold: This classic position involves holding your baby's head in the crook of your arm, with their body turned towards you. It is a comfortable and secure position for most mothers and babies. Cross-cradle hold: Similar to the cradle hold, but with your opposite hand supporting your breast. This position offers more control and is often recommended for newborns and premature babies. Football hold: Ideal for mothers after a cesarean birth or for those with large breasts, the football hold involves tucking your baby under your arm, with their legs extended towards your back. Side-lying position: This position allows for comfortable breastfeeding in bed, particularly useful for night feedings. Lie on your side with your baby facing you, aligning your bodies for easy access. Laid-back position: Embrace the laid-back breastfeeding position, also known as biological nurturing, allowing babies to instinctively latch and feed while promoting relaxation for mothers. Remember, the key to finding the right feeding position is comfort for both you and your baby. Don't hesitate to experiment and seek guidance from healthcare professionals or lactation consultants for personalized support. Once you’ve achieved a strong latch, repeat the process Getting your baby to latch on properly can take some practice. But don’t worry! Once you’ve secured that strong latch, baby will consistently want to return for more. Remember, repetition is key. Create a calm environment. Be in a place where you can be relaxed and calm. Try different breastfeeding holds to make sure you are comfortable. Let your baby lead. If baby is not hungry, they might stay curled against your chest, and that’s okay. You can try again later. If baby is bobbing their head or rooting, or you sense baby might be hungry, try tickling the baby’s lips to encourage baby to latch. Signs of success As a new parent, it's crucial to know when breastfeeding is going smoothly - it's not just about fulfilling your little one's hunger. Breastfeeding is a time for you and your baby to bond and for them to receive essential nutrients to grow healthy and strong. Here are a few signs to watch for. The latch feels comfortable to you and does not hurt or pinch. You hear or see your baby swallow. Your baby is producing wet and dirty diapers. Formula feeding: nourishment with care While breastfeeding is the ideal food for baby during the first six months of life, some families cannot or may choose not to exclusively breastfeed. Health Canada recommends cow milk-based commercial infant formula for infants who are not exclusively fed their mother’s breast milk.1 Infant formulas are designed to provide the recommended amounts of essential nutrients – like protein, fat, carbohydrate, vitamins and minerals for baby's healthy growth and development. Choosing the right formula: All infant formulas in Canada meet strict nutritional standards and support baby’s growth and development, but not all formulas are the same. Talk with your doctor to find a formula that meets your baby's nutritional needs. Proper sterilization and preparation: Sterilize bottles, nipples, and other feeding equipment before and after each use. Also, follow the instructions on the product label to ensure you accurately prepare the formula. Establish a feeding routine: Create a feeding routine that fits your baby's needs. Keep an eye out for their hunger and fullness cues—they might change from day to day! Combining breastfeeding and formula feeding Lots of parents choose to mix breastfeeding and formula feeding, which provides flexibility to meet both baby's and family's needs. This is called supplementing, mixed or combination feeding. It may come in handy if moms encounter challenges with feeding or are anticipating schedule changes, like returning to work. Baby's weight fluctuations explained Whether you are breastfeeding, formula feeding or both, recognize that it is common for newborns to temporarily lose weight in the early days of life. This can be frightening for new moms who are afraid that their baby may not be receiving the necessary nutrients. This weight loss usually stops after the first few days.4 Baby’s growth will be closely tracked by your doctor at your well-baby visits. Weight fluctuations may be part of their natural growth and development. Reach out to your doctor if you have any concerns about how your baby is growing.Parents, it's important to remember that regardless of the feeding method you choose, the well-being of both you and your baby is what truly matters. Your baby's health and happiness, along with your own, are top priorities. Every baby is unique, so trust your instincts and seek guidance from your doctor as you navigate this feeding journey together. Your intuition combined with your doctor’s guidance will ensure a smooth and fulfilling experience for both you and your little one.*All breastfed and partially breastfed babies in Canada should receive a 400 IU (10 μg) vitamin D supplement each day. References: 1 Government of Canada. (2023.) Nutrition for healthy term infants: recommendations from birth to six months. Accessed 2024 April. URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/canada-food-guide/resources/nutrition-healthy-term-infants/nutrition-healthy-term-infants-recommendations-birth-six-months.html 2 Canadian Paediatric Society. Caring for Kids. (2020.) Breastfeeding. Accessed 2024 March.URL: https://caringforkids.cps.ca/handouts/pregnancy-and-babies/breastfeeding3 World Health Organization. (2023.) Infant and Young Child Feeding. Accessed 2024 February. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/infant-and-young-child-feeding4 Government of Canada. (2023). Ten valuable tips for successful breastfeeding. Accessed 2024 April. URL: https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/publications/healthy-living/valuable-tips-successful-breastfeeding.html